Passion Fruit - Crop Stage Wise IPM

Nursery management

• Seed should be sown in well prepared seed bed or in polybag with a mixture of soil, compost and sand (2:1:1).

Cultural control:

• The elimination of diseased tissues during the initial stages of the disease.
• Proper drainage system to remove excess water

Common cultural practices:

• Summer deep ploughing to expose soil inhabiting/resting stage of various insects/pathogens.
• Trimming of all orchard bunds to destroy existing rodent burrow.
• Use tolerant/resistant varieties
• Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations.
• Grow tall barrier crops like maize, sorghum etc. for management of aphids.

Common mechanical practices:

• Uproot and burn infected plants parts early to avoid spread of the disease.
• Collection and destruction of larvae.

• Nutrients should be applied based on soil test report and recommendation of the particular agroclimatic zone.
• Soil should be rich in organic matter. If required, add farm yard manure or vermicompost.

• Deep ploughing during summer
• Ploughing the orchard before planting to destroy existing weeds in the orchard.

Planting

• Apply mycorrhizae @ 5 to 10 g in each pit. Apply nutrients as mentioned above.

• Use weed free planting material.
• Remove all existing weeds from pits or furrows at the time of planting.
• Seasonal vegetables (e.g. Turmeric, Ginger, Chilli, Soybean, Beans, pea, Green leafy vegetables, mustard etc) may be grown as intercrop right from the first year.

Vegetative

Common cultural practices:

• Destroy crop debris.
• Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
• Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed

Common mechanical practices:

• Collection and destruction of rotten fruits, twigs and leaves.
• The trellis should always run across the slop or in north south direction for proper exposure to sunlight.
• Pruning should be restricted to lower part of the vines hanging on the ground during winter when vines are dormant.
• Use yellow sticky traps for whitefly and aphids and blue sticky trap for thrips @ 4-5 trap/acre.

Common biological practices:

• Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering.
• Augmentative release of natural enemies.

• Apply as mentioned above

• Weed control should be done manually or mechanically. Care should be taken to avoid the damage to shallow roots of the vines
• Mulching of plants around the root zone to conserve the moisture and fertility of soil.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Cultural control:

• Periodic inspections of the orchard and other adjacent hosts, including weeds, are essential to verify the occurrence and first symptoms of mite attacks.
• See common cultural practices.

Biological control:

• Spray neem or pongamia soap at 1% on lower surface thoroughly

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Cultural control:

• High levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction, so never use more nitrogen than necessary.

Biological control:

• Release 1st instar larvae of green lacewing (Chrysoperla zastrowii sillemi) @ 4,000 Nos/acre.
• Spraying with tobacco decoction (1 kg tobacco boiled in 10 lit of water for 30 minutes and making up to 30 lit + 100 g soap).

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

Cultural control:

• Prune affected shoots during winter.
• Destroy ant colonies.
• Grow attractant plants to attract the defenders Bachelor's Buttons or cornflower (Centaure acyanus), coriander attract wasps.

Mechanical control:

• Collect and destroy the damaged leaves, twigs and stems
• Use sticky barrier (5cm length) on trunk.
• Biological control:
• Orchard release of Australian lady bird beetle (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) @10 beetles per plant.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices

• When infestation in serious, two sprays of white oil, one in early December and one 4 to 6 weeks later are usually required.
• Spray horticultural oil, if needed, year round.
• Apply mixture of manure compost tea, molasses and citrus oil.
• Conserve the Aphytis spp.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

Cultural control:

• Planting areas previously affected may be avoided.
• Use of healthy seedlings and careful control of weeds to avoid root injury can check the spread of disease.
• Usage of resistant root stocks or resistant hybrids from crosses between purple and yellow passion fruits.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

Mechanical control:

• Pruning to eliminate affected areas and improve ventilation and light conditions helps to control the disease.
• Fruit should not be harvested during wet conditions.

Cultural control:

• High densities of seedlings have to be avoided in plant nurseries, as well as excessive irrigation.
• Follow the common cultural practices.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
• For resistant/tolerant varieties consult nearest KVKs/SAUs/ICAR Institute

Reproductive

• Zinc and Boron are the micro-nutrients taken up in largest amounts by the plant. With Zn deficiency, apply 20 g of zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) per plant, and of B, apply 6.5 g of boric acid (H₃BO₃) per plant

• Remove weeds manually or mechanically around the plants.
• Apply the bio-mulch around the root zone of the plants.

• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no 24 & 25 )

Mechanical control:

• Elimination of over-ripe fruits in which the flies breed and on which the adults feed.
• Removal of wild host plant.
• Installation of 10 traps/ha to monitor fruit fly. Hanging of bottle traps containing 100 ml of water emulsion of methyl eugenol (0.1%) + malathion (0.1%) during fruiting season.

• Follow practices mentioned in vegetative stage

• Same as in vegetative stage.